Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is the voluminous liquid waste that generated from the sterilisation and clarification processes in milling oil palm. The raw effluent contains 90-95% water and includes residual oil, soil particles and suspended solids. POME is a non-toxic waste as no chemical is added during the oil extraction process in palm oil mill.

POME Oil is gaining prominence as a feedstock for biodiesel production as it is under waste and residues category under Annex IX of the EU's Renewable Energy Directive II ("RED II"), which the overall EU target for Renewable Energy Sources consumption by 2030 has been raised to 32%

Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) is a processing residue derived from physical refining of crude palm oil. PFAD is a light brown semi-solid at room temperature melting to a brown liquid on heating. PFADs comprise mainly of free fatty acid (FFA) (>80%) with palmitic acid and oleic acid as the major components. The remaining components are triglycerides, partial glycerides and unsaponifiable matters, e.g. vitamin E, sterols, squalenes and volatile substances.

PFAD has met the EU RED II definition of "processing residue" as a substance that is not the end product(s) that a production process directly seeks to produce; it is not a primary aim of the production process and the process has not been deliberately modified to produce it.

In addition to biofuels, PFAD are generally used in the soap industry, animal feed industry, and as raw materials for oleochemical industries, e.g. in the manufacture of candles, cosmetics and toiletries.

Used Cooking Oil (UCO) are oils and fats that have been used for cooking or frying in the food processing industry, restaurants, fast foods and at consumer level, in households. UCO can be derived from a range of vegetable oils including sunflower, palm, soybean, rapeseed, and others; and generally comes in mixed composition. UCO is deemed a waste that is no longer fit for human consumption, prompting its inclusion as an acceptable feedstock for double counting towards the biofuel targets set out within the Renewable Energy Directive (RED).

To reduce reliance on fossil fuel and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the initiatives taken by governments in different countries especially for converting UCO to biodiesel is expected to offer immense opportunity for UCO market growth. Increase in the use of UCO as a feedstock for the production of biodiesel drives the growth of the UCO market.

Palm Kernel Shells (PKS) are the fraction left after crude palm oil has been extracted from fruit bunches and palm kernel oil has been squeezed from palm nuts. PKS are a fibrous material and can be easily handled in bulk directly from the product line to the end use. Large and small shell fractions are mixed with dust-like fractions and small fibres.

PKS have been traditionally used as a solid fuels for steam boilers in palm oil mills across Southeast Asia. The steam generated is used to run turbines for electricity production. Most palm oil mills in the region are self-sufficient in terms of energy by making use of kernel shells and mesocarp fibers in cogeneration.

As PKS have high caloric value and low moisture content, power plant is increasingly using PKS to replace coal as co-firing PKS can significantly reduce carbon emissions, which this added value can be expressed in the form of renewable energy certificates, carbon credits, etc.

Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE) is by-product of the crushing and expelling of oil from palm kernel. PKE contains a high level of protein and are a good source of energy and nutrition, making it as ideal supplement in animal feed for pigs, poultry and ruminant livestock such as dairy cow and beef cow.